Vitamin D
  deficiency and prostate cancer

Accordingly, Schwartz and Hulka were the first to propose that,
low levels of vitamin D increase the risk of prostate cancer.
These observations were based on prostate cancer mortality rates in the United States,
which are inversely related to ultraviolet light exposure.
It is now well established that vitamin D,
via the induction of cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis,
inhibits the growth of normal prostatic epithelial cells,
as well as primary cultures of prostate cancer cells and prostate cancer cell lines.

In summary, although daily oral administration of vitamin D can inhibit prostate cancer growth,
the resultant hypercalcemia precludes(exclude) regular use of this regimen.
Weekly administration has been considered but does not appear to be efficacious.
Vitamin D analogs that have less hypercalcemic toxicity
may prove to be of benefit in the treatment of prostate cancer.
However, it is too early to confirm this.


ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1472821/
====================================================

Vitamin D and retinoids have emerged as leading candidates both
to prevent and to treat prostate cancer.

However, retinoids may have additional tumor enhancer properties
that balance or negate anti-cancer activity.
This perhaps explains the overall lack of protective effects of vitamin A compounds
against prostate cancer found in epidemiological studies,
and the minimal efficacy of retinoids in clinical trials to treat prostate cancer.
While current efforts focus on developing strategies to use vitamin D compounds to control prostate cancer,
the possibility exists that prostate cancer cells
may become resistant to tumor suppressor effects of vitamin D.
Analyses of experimental model systems show that
prostate cancer cells become less sensitive to vitamin D
through loss of receptors or signaling molecules that mediate vitamin D's actions,
or through changes in metabolic enzymes that synthesize or degrade vitamin D compounds.
The potential promise of exploiting vitamin D to control prostate cancer
is tempered by the possibility that prostate cancer,
perhaps even at early stages,
may develop mechanisms to escape tumor suppressor activities of vitamin D and/or retinoids.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12790775
============================================

 The retinoids and cancer prevention mechanisms

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process that converts normal cells into malignant cells.
Once transformed, malignant cells acquire the ability to invade and metastasize,
leading to clinically evident disease.
Derivatives of vitamin A, the retinoids,
have reported activity in treating specific premalignant lesions
and reducing incidence of second primary tumors
in patients with prior head and neck, lung or liver cancers.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11040271
============================================

 Modulation of Telomerase Activity in Cancer Cells by Dietary Compounds

Telomerase is expressed in ~90% of human cancer cell lines and tumor specimens,
whereas its enzymatic activity is not detectable in most human somatic cells,
suggesting that telomerase represents a highly attractive target for selective cancer treatment.
Accordingly, various classes of telomerase inhibitors have been screened and developed in recent years.
We and other researchers have successfully found that some dietary compounds
can modulate telomerase activity in cancer cells.

Telomerase inhibitors derived from food
are subdivided into two groups:
one group directly blocks the enzymatic activity of telomerase
(e.g., catechin and sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol),
and the other downregulates the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT),
the catalytic subunit of human telomerase,
via signal transduction pathways (e.g., retinoic acid and tocotrienol).
In contrast, a few dietary components,
including genistein(an isoflavone that is described as an angiogenesis inhibitor and a phytoestrogen.)
and glycated lipid,
induce cellular telomerase activity in several types of cancer cells,
suggesting that they may be involved in tumor progression.
This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effects of dietary factors
on telomerase regulation in cancer cells
and discusses their molecular mechanisms of action.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29415465
============================================

Aggressive prostate cancer is defined by whether the cancer has migrated outside of the prostate
and by a high Gleason score.

A low Gleason score means the cancer tissue is similar to normal prostate tissue and less likely to spread;
a high one means the cancer tissue is very different from normal and more likely to spread.

Vitamin D deficiency may predict aggressive prostate cancer as a biomarker,”
said lead investigator Dr. Adam Murphy,
an assistant professor of urology at Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
and a Northwestern Medicine urologist.
“Men with dark skin, low vitamin D intake or low sun exposure
should be tested for vitamin D deficiency when they are diagnosed with an elevated PSA or prostate cancer.
Then a deficiency should be corrected with supplements.“

The study was part of a larger ongoing study of 1,760 men in the Chicago area
examining vitamin D and prostate cancer.
The current study included 190 men, average age of 64,
who underwent a radical prostatectomy to remove their prostate from 2009 to 2014.
Of that group, 87 men had aggressive prostate cancer.
Those with aggressive cancer had a median level of 22.7 nanograms per milliliter of vitamin D,
significantly below the normal level of more than 30 nanograms/milliliter.
The average D level in Chicago during the winter is about 25 nanograms/milliliter, Murphy noted.

Most people in Chicago should be on D supplements,
particularly during winter months, Murphy said.

“It’s very hard to have normal levels when you work in an office every day
and because of our long winter,” he said.
The Institute of Medicine recommends 600 international units of D per day,
but Murphy recommends Chicago residents get 1,000 to 2,000 international units per day.

The paper is titled:
“Associations Between Serum Vitamin D and Adverse Pathology in Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy.”

news.northwestern.edu/stories/2016/03/vitamin-d-prostate-cancer
=======================================================================

Food Sources of Vitamin D

Information about Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin.
This means that your body can store extra amounts of vitamin D.
Vitamin D can also protect against infections by keeping your immune system healthy.
It may help reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis and certain types of cancer,
such as colorectal cancer but this is still being studied.
Vitamin D helps our bodies absorb and use calcium and phosphorous for strong bones and teeth.
Vitamin D can help protect older adults against osteoporosis.

How Much Vitamin D Should I Aim For?

Age in Years Aim for an intake of internaitional units (IU/day)* Stay below*
IU/day
Men and Women 19-50 600 4000
Men and Women 51-70 600 4000
Men and Women 71 and older 800 4000
Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women 19 and older 600 4000
 
     * This includes sources of vitamin D from food and supplements.

Health Canada advises adults over the age of 50 to take a vitamin D supplement of 400 IU each day.


Recommended supplement limits (wikipedia)

The U.S Institute of Medicine has established a Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) to protect against vitamin D toxicity.
These levels in microgram (mcg or µg) and International Units (IU) for male and female are:

Conversion : 
    1 µg = 40 IU,
0.025 µg =  1 IU

           0– 6 months:  25 µg (1000 IU)
           7–12 months:  38 µg (1500 IU)
           1– 3  years:  63 µg (2500 IU)
           4– 8  years:  75 µg (3000 IU)
            9+   years: 100 µg (4000 IU)
Pregnant and Lactating: 100 µg (4000 IU)

The recommended dietary allowance is 15 µg/d (600 IU per day; 800 IU for those over 70 years).

Overdose has been observed at 1,925 µg/d (77,000 IU per day).

Prin farmacii gasesti pilule de 1000 UI.
Practic ar trebui sa inghiti 4 pilule zilnic pentru a acoperi necesarul jurnalier.
Un dermatolog vietnamez mi-a prescris sa inghit cate o pilula de 10000 UI pe saptamana.

Acute overdose requires between 15,000 µg/d (600,000 IU per day)
and 42,000 µg/d (1,680,000 IU per day)
over a period of several days to months.

 Suggested tolerable upper intake level (UL)
Based on risk assessment, a safe upper intake level of 250 µg (10,000 IU) per day in healthy adult has been suggested by non-government authors.
However, no government has a UL higher than 4,000 IU.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_D#Recommended_supplement_limits

 Vitamin D Content of Some Common Foods

Vitamin D is not found naturally in many commonly consumed foods.
In Canada, some foods such as milk, soy or rice beverages and margarine have vitamin D added to them.
Good food sources of vitamin D include certain kinds of fish, egg yolks(gălbenusuri de ou) and milk.
L'utilisation de lampes à UVB dans l'objectif de synthétiser de la vitamine D is an exception.
Certains médicaments contiennent de la vitamine D2 (ou ergostérol),
d'autres de la vitamine D3 (ou cholécalciférol).
Il est préférable d'utiliser la vitamine D3 qui est
même molécule que celle que nous synthétisons dans
notre corps sous l'action des UVB.

Vezi (o am pe hard): " Vit D Mode d'emploi - Dr Brigitte Houssin .pdf "
Une dose de 80000 Ul correspond à 8 jours d'exposition du corps entier au soleil
(sans que la peau ne rougisse).

En Europe, la commission scientifique de l'alimentation
s'est basée sur une étude ayant montré l'absence d'effets indésirables d'une dose journalière de 4000 Ul
et a choisi un « facteur d'incertitude » de 2 pour obtenir aussi 2000 Ul .
L'apport maximal tolérable a aussi été bien augmenté,
ce qui permet aux médecins de supplémenter correctement leurs patients,
(tout en respectant la législation en cour) à 4000 Ul par jour.

De toutes les façons, que ce soit 2000 Ul ou 4000 Ul de vitamine D par jour,
on reste en deçà de la synthèse journalière possible grâce à l'exposition solaire.

De telles doses permettent toutefois d'atteindre des taux de vitamine D compris entre 40 et 50 ng/ml.
Si l'on prend 4000 Ul de vitamine D par jour pendant 5 mois
le taux de vitamine D ne monte pas au-delà de 50 ng/ml,
mais nous avons vu que c'est plus que notre objectif.
La prise de 1000 Ul par jour ne permet pas de dépasser le taux de 40 ng/ml.

Potentiellement, la vitamine D utilisée en supplémentation peut être toxique.
Il y a eu d'exceptionnels accidents d'intoxication,
après la prise de doses importantes de vitamine D,
50 000 à 150 000 Ul par jour, et pendant une longue période.

50 000 Ul par jour pendant 8 semaines,
n'a pas fait augmenter la calcémie (le taux de calcium dans le sang).
Et cela, même si dans certains cas la vitamine D
était donnée en association avec du calcium à des doses importantes.

Si l'on ne prend pas en même temps des doses importantes de calcium,
on n'a jamais montré d'aggravation du risque de calculs rénaux,
même avec des doses importantes de vitamine D.

Compte tenu du rôle de la vitamine D dans le cancer,
je pense qu'il vaut mieux se supplémenter avec de la vitamine D.

On recommande de rester 10 minutes par jour au soleil en exposant bras et jambes.
Cela est suffisant si i'on s'expose quasiment tous les jours durant la belle saison ensoleillée.
Bien sûr, la peau ne doit jamais rougir.

Les huiles de foie de morue contenant de la vitamine A qui est toxique à fortes doses,
ne peuvent pas être utilisées pour assurer une supplémentation importante.
Les végétaux même de culture biologique
nous apportent une vitamine D qui n'est pas semblable à celle que nous fabriquons
et dont l'action est moins efficace.
En plus, cet apport est très modéré.

La vitamine D3 est principalement utilisée en supplémentation
car elle est environ deux fois plus efficace que la vitamine D2.

Il est préférable pour l'absorption de la vitamine D
de la prendre en même temps que des graisses.
Si le repas n'en comporte pas, il n'y a aucun intérêt à la prendre à ce moment-là.

 

UI de vitamine D pour 100 g

- Jaune d'œuf - 400
- Sardine conservée dans l'huile - 300
- Beurre - 60
- Fromage type emmental - 40
- Lait - 4
- Saumon cuit - 360
- Hareng mariné - 350
- Maquereau cuit - 350
- Huîtres (3 à 4 moyennes) - 240
- Foie de bœuf cuit - 30

- Huile de foie de morue - 10 000 à 30 000
   (une cuillère à soupe d'huile de foie de morue procure de 400 à 1200 Ul de vitamine D)
- Huile de foie de morue officinale(utilisé en pharmacie) 8500

L'huile de foie de morue apporte aussi une quantité importante de vitamine A
qui est toxique à fortes doses.
Or, même de bonne qualité, l'huile de foie de morue
peut contenir des doses importantes de vitamine A,
jusqu'à des milliers de fois plus que celles de vitamine D.
C'est pourquoi, si l'on veut prendre de l'huile de foie de morue,
il est recommandé de prendre une huile comportant une forte proportion de vitamine D
et le moins de vitamine A possible
(il faut bien lire la composition du produit pour s'en assurer).
Le goût très particulier de cette huile est aussi un élément qui en limite l'utilisation

The following table will show you foods that are a source of vitamin D.

Food
Serving Size
Vitamin D (IU)
 Vegetables and Fruit This food group contains very little of this nutrient
Orange juice, fortified with vitamin D 125 mL (½ cup) 50
Grain Products This food group contains very little of this nutrient.
 Milk and Alternatives
Soy beverage, fortified with vitamin D 250 mL (1 cup) 86
Milk (3.3 % homo, 2%, 1%, skim) 250 mL (1 cup) 103-105
Skim milk powdered 24 g (will make 250 mL of milk) 103
Yogurt (plain, fruit bottom), fortified with vitamin D 175 g (3/4 cup) 58-71
 Meat and Alternatives
Egg, yolk, cooked 2 large 57-88
Pork, various cuts, cooked 75 g (2 ½ oz) 6-60
Deli meat (pork, beef, salami, bologna) 75 g (2 ½ oz)/ 3 slices 30-54
Beef liver, cooked 75 g (2 ½ oz) 36
 Fish and Seafood
Sockeye salmon, Salmon red [canned(conservat)], cooked or raw(crud)] 75 g (2 ½ oz) 394-636
Salmon humpback/pink, (canned, cooked or raw) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 392-447
Salmon coho, (raw or cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 338-422
Salmon, chinook, (raw or cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 383-387
Snapper (cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 392
Mackerel, Pacific (cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 343
Salmon, Atlantic, (raw or cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 206-245
Salmon, chum/keta, (raw or cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 203-221
Mackerel, canned(conservat în cutii de conserve ) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 219
Herring, Atlantic, pickled(murat) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 202
Trout, (cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 148-208
Herring, Atlantic, (cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 161
Roe, (raw) 30 g (1 oz) 145
Sardines, Pacific, (canned) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 144
Halibut, (cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 144
Whitefish, lake, (cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 135
Tuna, albacore, (raw or cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 99-106
Mackerel, Atlantic, (cooked) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 78
Tuna, white, (canned with water) 75 g (2 ½ oz) 60
 Fats and Oils
Cod liver oil 5 mL (1 tsp) 427
Margarine 5 mL (1 tsp) 25-36
 Other
Goat’s milk, fortified with Vitamin D 250 mL (1 cup) 100
Rice, oat, almond beverage, fortified with Vitamin D 250 mL (1 cup) 85-90

Source: "Canadian Nutrient File 2015"
hc-sc.gc.ca/fn-an/nutrition/fiche-nutri-data/index-eng.php
[Accessed October 18, 2016].

Looking for a dietitian? Visit  dietitians.ca/find

What’s the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist? 



On évite de donner de la vitamine D dans les cas de calculs rénaux,

d'excès de calcium dans le sang ou dans les urines.

Kousmine Catherine - La méthode Kousmine.pdf